pengertian micro teaching

2. Pembelajaran Mikro (Micro Teaching)

Guru (tenaga pendidik) yang efektif adalah mereka yang berhasil membawa peserta didik mencapai tujuan pembelajaran sesuai dengan kaidah yang berlaku dalam pendidikan. Keberhasilan pembelajaran yang efektif memuat dua tolok ukur yakni tercapainya tujuan dan hasil pembelajaran. Untuk mencapai tingkat efektifitas pembelajaran, Gadik harus menguasai berbagai ketrampilan dasar pembelajaran yang meliputi ketrampilan membuka dan menutup proses pembelajaran, ketrampilan menjelaskan, ketrampilan bertanya, ketrampilan menggunakan variasi, ketrampilan memberi penguatan, ketrampilan mengajar kelompok kecil dan perorangan, ketrampilan mengelola kelas dan ketrampilan membimbing diskusi kecil.           Untuk dapat menguasai berbagai ketrampilan dasar pengajaran dan pembelajaran tersebut maka Gadik perlu berlatih satu demi satu ketrampilan tersebut agar mendalami makna dan strategi penggu-naannya pada proses pembelajaran. Ketrampilan dasar mengajar dapat diperoleh melalui pembelajaran mikro atau micro teaching. Oleh karena itu pembelajaran mikro  sangat diperlukan dalam bentuk peer teaching dengan harapan agar para gadik dapat sekaligus menjadi observer temannya sesama gadik, dengan harapan masing-masing gadik dapat saling memberikan koreksi dan masukan untuk memperbaiki kekurangan penguasaan ketram-pilan dasar dalam mengajar.

Editor's note: What follows is the full text of the Journalist's Code of Ethics as adopted by the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines. A copy can be found on the website of the NUJP.
I. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts nor to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognize the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
II. I shall not violate confidential information on material given me in the exercise of my calling.
III. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
IV. I shall refrain from writing reports that will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
V. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties, nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature that may cast doubt on my professional

Editor's note: What follows is the full text of the Journalist's Code of Ethics as adopted by the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines. A copy can be found on the website of the NUJP.
I. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts nor to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognize the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
II. I shall not violate confidential information on material given me in the exercise of my calling.
III. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
IV. I shall refrain from writing reports that will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
V. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties, nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature that may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
VI. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
VII. I shall not, in any manner, ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
VIII. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.


IX. I shall not take unfair advantage of a fellow journalist.
X. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the “conscience clause” when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
XI. I shall conduct myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watchword.

Editor's note: What follows is the full text of the Journalist's Code of Ethics as adopted by the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines. A copy can be found on the website of the NUJP.
I. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts nor to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognize the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
II. I shall not violate confidential information on material given me in the exercise of my calling.
III. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
IV. I shall refrain from writing reports that will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
V. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties, nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature that may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
VI. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
VII. I shall not, in any manner, ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
VIII. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.

code ethics for journalist

Editor's note: What follows is the full text of the Journalist's Code of Ethics as adopted by the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines. A copy can be found on the website of the NUJP.
I. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts nor to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognize the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
II. I shall not violate confidential information on material given me in the exercise of my calling.
III. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
IV. I shall refrain from writing reports that will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
V. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties, nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature that may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
VI. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
VII. I shall not, in any manner, ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin

Ethics in journalism

Main article: Journalism ethics

Some journalists in the United States adhere to the standards and norms expressed in the Society of Professional Journalists ethical code.^[1] Foremost in the minds of most practicing journalists is the issue of maintaining credibility, "Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's credibility."^[1] For journalists struggling with ethical decisions, there is an Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists.

HISTORY OF JOURNALISH

Main article: History of journalism

When it comes to the history of journalism, everything starts with the invention of the movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. However, while Bibles and other books were among the first things produced by Gutenberg's press, it wasn't until the 17th century that the first newspapers were distributed in Europe.
The first regularly published paper came out twice a week in England, as did the first daily, The Daily Courant.
A New Profession in a Fledgling Nation
In America, the history of journalism is inextricably intertwined with the history of the country itself. The first newspaper in the American colonies - Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences both Foreighn and Domestick - was published in 1690 but immediately shut down for not having a required license.
Interestingly, Harris' newspaper employed an early form of reader participation. The paper was printed on three sheets of stationery-size paper and the fourth page was left blank so that readers could add their own news, then pass it on to someone else.
Many newspapers of the time were not objective or neutral in tone like the papers we know today. Rather, they were fiercely partisan publications that editorialized against the tyranny of the British government, which in turn did its best to crack down on the press.
An Important Case
In 1735, Peter Zenger, publisher of the New York Weekly Journal, was arrested and put on trial for allegedly printing libelous things about the British government. But his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, argued that the articles in question could not be libelous because they were based on fact.
Zenger was found not guilty, and the case established the precedent that a statement, even if negative, cannot be libelous if it is true. This landmark case helped establish the foundation of a free press in the then-fledgling nation.